1. Early Voyages
PolynesiansPolynesians were quick to claim the islands that they occupied and chose to spread their land by having voyages to find new land and discover more resources. They used nature as their guide around when sailing.
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VikingsVikings made a huge discovery just by accidentally blowing off course. They discovered North America after being blown off their route during a violent storm.
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GreeksGreeks began to explore outside the Mediterranean into the Atlantic Ocean. The seafarers noticed that there was a current that ran from north to south. They assumed it was a river as they believed that oceans had currents.
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ChineseChinese created a system in the ocean which made the long distant transport of goods easier and more convenient.
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2. Record-Keeping and Cartography
It is important to keep records when sailing because in the future it is vital information and the information from the records can help piece together a mystery. Cartography, is the making of charts. Cartography is important as it will help find out places that the voyagers went to and help show the routes taken during their voyage.
3. Major Contributions
Prince HenryEstablished a center at Sagres for the study of Marine science and navigation.
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Ferdinand MagellanHis expedition was the first to circumnavigate the world.
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Christopher ColumbusAccidentally "discovered" New World by exaggerating stories. Turns out Native Americans lived on the continent for 11,000 years.
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4. Captain James Cook
He was sent on three voyages. The first voyage was to observe the movement and orbit of Venus (the planet). His second voyage was to look for Antarctica as it was rumored to exist during his time. This voyage was unsuccessful as he never reached Antarctica. In his third voyage, he was traveling through the Pacific Ocean and "discovers" Hawaii.
5. United States Exploring Expedition
This expedition was led by Charles Wilkes. The US boarded this mission because they felt they weren't welcomed in the marine science world. The reason for this expedition was to discover new marine mammals and chart unknown oceans.
6. The Challenger
The Challenger is British Ship whose motive was to gain more knowledge on Marine Science. This ship observed many plants and animals in the sea. the Challenger improved the quality and quantity of scientific information produced by ocean explorers.
7. Rise of Land Based Oceanographic Institutions
The first laboratory concerning Oceanographic Institutions is located in Naples, Italy. William Ritter hoped for an oceanographic institution in the US so he collaborated with EW Scripps and Browning Scripps where they created the first institution in San Diego. The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution was then created in Cape Cod which grew rapidly during WWII.
8. Disciplines
There are four different aspects of marine science. Those are biological oceanography, chemical oceanography, geographical oceanography, and physical oceanography. These aspects consists of different studies that focus on specific areas in the ocean.
Define:
Cartography
The science or practice of drawing maps,
Celestial Navigation
The action of finding one's way by using the sun, stars, or moons.
Chart
Graphic representation of something water related or water.
Chronometer
An instrument for accurately measuring time.
Compass
An instrument containing a magnetized pointer that shows the direction of magnetic north and bearings from it.
Dark Ages
The period in Europe from the fall of Rome in the fifth century a.d. to the restoration of relative political stability around the year 1000; the early part of the Middle Ages.
Echo Sounder
A device for measuring depth of water by sending pressure waves down from the surface and recording the time until the echo returns from the bottom.
Glomar Challenger
The 120m long Glomar Challenger was a deep sea research and scientific drilling vessel for oceanography and marine geology studies.
GPS (Global Positioning System)
Space-based global navigation satellite system.
Latitude
The angular distance of a place north or south of the earth's equator, usually expressed in degrees and minutes.
Longitude
angular distance east or west on the earth's surface, measured by the angle contained between the meridian of a particular place
Oceanographic Institution
The exploration and scientific study of the ocean and its phenomena.
Renaissance
The revival of art and literature under the influence of classical models in the 14th–16th centuries.
Satellite Oceanography
obtaining measurements of the surface temperature, color, surface height and currents, as well as the wind stress that drives the ocean circulation.
Sounding
The action or process of measuring the depth of the sea or other body of water.
Voyaging
Go on a long journey, typically by sea or in space.