The History of Earth Summary
Five billion years ago, there was no sign of anything but a small dust of the sun. Overtime, gravity pulled the small speck and caused it to collide with other specks causing a huge explosion. Years pass, and the small speck created the sun. Four and a half billion years ago, the earth looked nothing like how it is today. The Earth looked more like what they described as hell because its temperature was boiling. As years pass, a planet the size of mars collides with Earth and as soon as it comes in contact with the Earth, our planet contains water. But, just because the planet contained water, it was still not a place for living because of its high temperature.
The earth began to have lots of natural disasters, like hurricanes. As years passed, the water began to have life in it. Although, fishes haven't existed yet. There were single-celled organisms called prokaryotes. Deep within the ocean, it was dark. There were vents deep under that called hydrothermal vents that spewed hot carbon monoxide. Many marine animals came to existence and were able to live in those types of environments. There were marine animals that soon developed legs which resembled the alligator. Dinosaurs and gigantic insects occupied the Earth but a large comet caused them to go extinct. After a horrible ice age that filled the entire earth, the ice began to melt and provided earth with a lush "jungle" type of environment. Monkeys inhabited the earth and began to walk on two feet instead of all fours. Slowly they evolved into humans and began to use natural resources to survive.
The earth began to have lots of natural disasters, like hurricanes. As years passed, the water began to have life in it. Although, fishes haven't existed yet. There were single-celled organisms called prokaryotes. Deep within the ocean, it was dark. There were vents deep under that called hydrothermal vents that spewed hot carbon monoxide. Many marine animals came to existence and were able to live in those types of environments. There were marine animals that soon developed legs which resembled the alligator. Dinosaurs and gigantic insects occupied the Earth but a large comet caused them to go extinct. After a horrible ice age that filled the entire earth, the ice began to melt and provided earth with a lush "jungle" type of environment. Monkeys inhabited the earth and began to walk on two feet instead of all fours. Slowly they evolved into humans and began to use natural resources to survive.
The Properties of Water
Polarity
The uneven distribution of charges across a molecule making one end positive (H) and the other negative (O).
Cohesion
The tendency for water molecules to form weak bonds and stick to each other
Adhesion
the tendency of water to stick to other substances.
Capillary Action
water moving in one continuous column from a plant's roots to its leaves.
Surface Tension
a force that acts on the particles at the surface of a liquid.
Specific Heat
the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius.
Hydrogen Bond
The positive hydrogen ends of one water molecule attract the negative oxygen ends of nearby water molecules causing them to stick together like weak magnets.
1. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about water's structure.
a. Water is made up of atoms bonded to form molecules.
b. Water contains half as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms.
d. The chemical formula for water is H20.
2. One side of the water molecule has a positive charge, while the other side has a negative charge. What do the charges indicate about the molecule?
a. Water is a polar molecule.
3. Bonds that form between water molecules are called hydrogen bonds.
4. False: Hydrogen bonds are strong and require a lot of energy to break.
5. The tendency for water molecules to stick to other water molecules is called cohesion.
6. A force that acts on the particles of a liquid at the surface is called surface tension.
7. How does surface tension force the surface of water to curve?
During the process of adhesion it allows water to stick to other substances.
8. The tendency for water molecules to be attracted and stick to other substances is called adhesion.
9. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about water's surface tension.
b. It refers to the tightness across the surface of the water.
d. It causes raindrops to form round beads.
10. What is a curved surface in a graduated cylinder called?
A meniscus.
11. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about capillary action.
a. It explains how water moves against the force of gravity.
b. It is due to the attraction among molecules of water and surrounding materials.
d. It causes clothing to stay dry.
12. How does capillary action allow water to climb up the sides of a straw?
Adhesion allows water to stick to other substances.
13. A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another is called a(n) solution. The substance that does the dissolving is called a(n) solvent.
14. Why can water dissolve many substances?
Negative atoms bond with positive atoms and pull it into a solution.
15. Circle the letter of each substance that dissolves in water.
a. salt
c. oxygen
16. A substance that hates, or “fears” water is called hydrophobic.
17. The amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of a certain mass of a substance by 1°C is its specific heat.
18. True: Compared with other substances, water requires a lot of heat to increase its temperature.
19. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about water's specific heat.
a. It is due to the many attractions among water molecules.
c. It makes large bodies of water cool off more slowly than nearby land.
d. It leads to warmer air over land than over water on summer days.
20. How does the high specific heat of water affect your body? High specific heat of water affects your body by maintaining a constant internal environment.
Match the terms review.
E 1. cohesion
G 2. capillary action
A 3. adhesion
F 4. polarity
D 5. hydrogen bond
B 6. surface tension
C 7. specific heat
a. tendency to stick to other substances
b. tightness caused by the pulling of water molecules on each other
c. the amount of heat needed to raise 1kg of a substance 1o
d. weak bonds formed between water molecules
e. tendency to stick to other water molecules
f. uneven distribution of charges in a molecule
g. tendency to climb up due to cohesion and adhesion properties of water
a. Water is made up of atoms bonded to form molecules.
b. Water contains half as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms.
d. The chemical formula for water is H20.
2. One side of the water molecule has a positive charge, while the other side has a negative charge. What do the charges indicate about the molecule?
a. Water is a polar molecule.
3. Bonds that form between water molecules are called hydrogen bonds.
4. False: Hydrogen bonds are strong and require a lot of energy to break.
5. The tendency for water molecules to stick to other water molecules is called cohesion.
6. A force that acts on the particles of a liquid at the surface is called surface tension.
7. How does surface tension force the surface of water to curve?
During the process of adhesion it allows water to stick to other substances.
8. The tendency for water molecules to be attracted and stick to other substances is called adhesion.
9. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about water's surface tension.
b. It refers to the tightness across the surface of the water.
d. It causes raindrops to form round beads.
10. What is a curved surface in a graduated cylinder called?
A meniscus.
11. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about capillary action.
a. It explains how water moves against the force of gravity.
b. It is due to the attraction among molecules of water and surrounding materials.
d. It causes clothing to stay dry.
12. How does capillary action allow water to climb up the sides of a straw?
Adhesion allows water to stick to other substances.
13. A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another is called a(n) solution. The substance that does the dissolving is called a(n) solvent.
14. Why can water dissolve many substances?
Negative atoms bond with positive atoms and pull it into a solution.
15. Circle the letter of each substance that dissolves in water.
a. salt
c. oxygen
16. A substance that hates, or “fears” water is called hydrophobic.
17. The amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of a certain mass of a substance by 1°C is its specific heat.
18. True: Compared with other substances, water requires a lot of heat to increase its temperature.
19. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about water's specific heat.
a. It is due to the many attractions among water molecules.
c. It makes large bodies of water cool off more slowly than nearby land.
d. It leads to warmer air over land than over water on summer days.
20. How does the high specific heat of water affect your body? High specific heat of water affects your body by maintaining a constant internal environment.
Match the terms review.
E 1. cohesion
G 2. capillary action
A 3. adhesion
F 4. polarity
D 5. hydrogen bond
B 6. surface tension
C 7. specific heat
a. tendency to stick to other substances
b. tightness caused by the pulling of water molecules on each other
c. the amount of heat needed to raise 1kg of a substance 1o
d. weak bonds formed between water molecules
e. tendency to stick to other water molecules
f. uneven distribution of charges in a molecule
g. tendency to climb up due to cohesion and adhesion properties of water